Let's Know About About "THE INTERNET":

ALL ABOUT INTERNET:

Internet

What is the internet?

''The Internet'' is the wider network that allows computer networks around the world run by  governments, companies, universities and other organisations to connect to each other. The consequence is a mass of cables, computers, data centers, servers, routers, repeaters, satellites and wifi towers that allows digital information to travel all over the world.

It is that infrastructure that lets you order the weekly shop, share your life on Instagram, streamming on Netflix,Amazon Prime Videos, Emails your uncle and aunt in distant places and browsing for the most curious topics you ever wanted at any time.

How big is the internet?

Measurement is that the amount of information that travels through it: about five exabytes a day. That’s almost equivalent to 40,000 two hours standard definition movies per second.

Hundreds of thousands of miles and kilometers of cables criss-cross countries, and more are laid down the sea floors to connect islands and continents. About 300 submarine cables, the deep-sea variant only as thick as a garden hose, underpin the modern internet. Most are bundles of hair-thin fibre-optics that carry the information almost at the speed of light.

The cables range from the 80 mile Dublin to Anglesey connection to the 12,000-mile Asia-America Gateway, which links California to Singapore, Hong Kong and other places in Asia. Major cables serve a triggering number of people. In 2008, damage to two marine cables near the Egyptian port of Alexandria affected tens of millions of internet users in Africa, India, Pakistan and the Middle East.

How much energy does the internet use?

The Chinese telecoms firm Huawei estimates that the information and communications technology (ICT) industry could use 20% of the world’s electricity and release more than 5% of the world’s carbon emissions by 2025.

In 2016, the US Government’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory calculated that American data centers – facilities where computers store, process and share data – might need 73 billion kWh of energy in 2020. That’s the output of 10 Hinkley Point B nuclear power stations.

World wide web

What is the world wide web?

The web is a way to display and share information over the internet. That information, in the form of text, music, images or videos or whatever, is written on web pages takes place through a web browser.

Google handles more than 40,000 searches per second, and has 60% of the global browser market through Chrome. There are more than 2 billion websites in existence but most are hardly visited. The top 0.1% of websites (roughly 5m) attract more than half of the world’s web traffic source.

Among them are Google, YouTube, Facebook, the Chinese site Baidu, Instagram, Yahoo, Twitter, the Russian social network VK.com, Wikipedia, Amazon and a smattering of other sites. The rise of apps means that for many people, being on the internet today is less about browsing the open web than getting more focused information: news, messages, weather forecasts, videos and the like.

What is the Dark web?

A search of the web does not bring you each and every information or you can say doesn't search all of it. Google the word “red” and your browser will display web pages the search engine has found in the hundreds of billions that has logged in its search index. The search index is huge and it contains just a fraction of what is on the web or you can just see normally.

Moreover 95%, is unlisted and therefore invisible to normal web users. The web has three layers: surface web,deep web and dark web. Normal web browsers trawl the surface web, the pages that are mostly visible to all. Under the surface is the deep web: a mass of pages that are not listed. These include pages placed behind passwords – the kind found on the office internet, various government sites etc.The pages no one links to, since Google and others make their search indexes by following links from one web page to another.

Under the deep web,there is the deepest part of the internet i.e. dark web, a bunch of sites with addresses that hide them from view. In order to access the dark web, you need a special web browser such as Tor (The Onion Router) browser, a tool originally created by the US navy for intelligence agents online.The site is not illegal but the works held under it are definitely illegal. While the dark web has plenty of legitimate uses, not least to preserve the anonymity of journalists, activists and whistleblowers, a substantial portion is driven by criminal activity. Illicit marketplaces on the dark web trade everything from drugs, guns and counterfeit money to hackers, hitmen and child pornography.The most important thing anyone can access the dark web out of curiosity,but for safety reasons it is alerted not to access the dark web.It is the hell of evils because a lot of vpn are access at the same time in the tor browser.Therefore it is almost impossible to identify the ISP of the user.Hence this is the proper place of Blackmarketing and all ill-works.

How many people are online?

It depends how you measure it. One metric popular with the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), a UN body, counts being online as having used the internet in the past three months.

It means people are not assumed to use the internet simply because they live in a town with an internet cable or near a wifi tower. By this yardstick, some 3.58 billion people, or 48% of the global population, were online by the end of 2017. The number should reach 3.8 billion, or 49.2%, by the end of 2018, with half of the world being online by May 2019.

Fixed-line internet connections are expensive in developing countries, so most people connect through their mobile phones. The trend leads to a two-tier experience of the internet that is hidden by growth figures. What can be done on a mobile phone is a fraction of what can be achieved with a desktop, laptop or tablet, as anyone who has tried to file their tax return on their mobile will know.

The popularity of mobile internet leads to other issues too. In Africa, for example, the telcos incentivise people to buy 20MB to 1GB data bundles by offering access to key apps such as Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, Gmail and Twitter, even when they run out of data. The upshot is that people associate the internet with those platforms rather than the open web. Some even fail to realize they are using the internet.

The issue came to light when surveys and focus groups in Africa and southeast Asia found that more people said they used Facebook than went online. “For them Facebook is the internet. They are not exploring beyond it,” said Nanjira Sambuli, who leads the Web Foundation’s efforts to promote equality in access to the web.

Who are they?

In some countries almost everyone is online. The ITU says, more than 98% of Icelanders are on the internet, with similar percentages in Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg and Bahrain. In Britain about 95% are online, compared with 85% in Spain, 84% in Germany, 80% in France and only 64% in Italy.

A 2018 report from the Pew Research Center found that 89% of Americans are online. The unconnected tend to be poorer, older, less educated and rural. The west does not dominate the online world, though. While the US has around 300 million internet users, China notched up more than 800 million in 2018, with 40% of its population still unconnected. India reached an estimated 500 million internet users this year, with 60% of the nation still offline.

What are they doing?

A minute on the internet looks like this: 156m emails, 29m messages, 1.5m Spotify songs, 4m Google searches, 2m minutes of Skype calls, 350,000 tweets, 243,000 photos posted on Facebook, 87,000 hours of Netflix, 65,000 pictures put on Instagram, 25,000 posts on Tumblr, 18,000 matches on Tinder, and 400 hours of video uploaded to YouTube.

Most consumer internet traffic is video: add up all the online video watched on websites, YouTube, Netflix and webcams and you have 77% of the world’s internet traffic, according to US tech firm Cisco.

What places are offline?

There is a stark divide between the haves and have-nots and poverty is an overwhelming factor. In the urban centers of some African nations, internet access is routine.

More than half of South Africans and Moroccans are online, and parts of other countries, such as Botswana, Cameroon and Gabon, are connecting fast. Mobile phones are driving growth thanks to mobile broadband costs falling 50% in the past three years.

But plenty of places are not keeping pace. In Tanzania, Uganda and Sudan, around 30 to 40% can get online. In Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone only 7 to 11% are online.

In Eritrea and Somalia, less than 2% have access. To build a mobile hotspot in a remote, off-grid village can cost three times the urban equivalent, which reaches far more people and so brings a much greater return on investment. In rural communities, there is often little demand for the internet because people do not see the point: the web does not serve their interests.

Are certain groups offline?

There is a clear age divide: far fewer older people use the internet than younger people. In Britain, where 99% of 16- to 34-year-old are online, the 75-and-overs make up more than half of the 4.5 million adults who have never used the internet, according to the Office of National Statistics.

There is a serious gender gap too. In two-thirds of the world’s nations, men dominate internet usage. Globally, there are 12% fewer women online than men. While the digital gender gap has narrowed in most regions since 2013, it has widened in Africa. There, 25% fewer women than men use the internet, the ITU says.

Meanwhile, in Pakistan, men outnumber women online by nearly two-to-one, while in India, 70% of internet users are men. The divide largely reflects patriarchal traditions and the inequalities they instil.

Some countries buck the trend, notably Jamaica, where more women than men are online. This may be because more women than men enroll at the University of the West Indies in Kingston. The country has the highest proportion of female managers in the world.

Make internet affordable to all

How will the whole world get online?

A major challenge is to get affordable internet to poor regions. With an eye on expanding markets, US tech firms hope to make inroads. Google’s parent company, Alphabet, scrapped plans for solar powered drones and is now focusing on high-altitude balloons to provide the internet from the edge of space. Elon Musk’s SpaceX and a company called OneWeb have their own plans to bring internet access to everyone in the world via constellations of microsatellites.

Facebook, which saw its Free Basics service banned under India’s net neutrality laws, has also abandoned plans for internet-beaming drones and is now working with local companies to provide affordable mobile services.

Microsoft, meanwhile, is using TV white spaces – the unused broadcast frequencies – for wireless broadband. Another approach, community networks, is also gaining ground. These mobile networks typically use solar-powered stations and are built by and for local communities. Run by cooperatives, they are cheaper than the alternatives and keep skills and profits in the area.

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